International Management Essay Example for Free

International Management Essay Q.1. Good governance is one of the qualifying features for attracting inward investment. What ways in which governance can be improved to help countries benefit from foreign investment? Globerman and Shapiro (2002) studied the effects of governance quality on Foreign Direct Investment inflows and outflows, by using a sample of developing and developed countries between 1995-1997. They applied HDI (Human Development Index) and ESI (Environmental Sustainability Index) along with Kaufmann’s six governance indicators which include: voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) to assess the impact. They found that good governance had a strong positive relationship with FDI inflows. Thus, countries can benefit the most from inward investment by improving on the six dimensions of governance suggested by Kaufman et al (2009). Inward investment generates job opportunities for local people and increase the level of economic activity in the host country. It also raises competition in the domestic market and the standard of living of people by improving the quality of products/services being offered, reducing prices and giving more value for money. With FDI inflows, developing countries benefit from transfer of technology and management practices. Many MNCs (Multi-national companies) drive research development, innovation and are responsible for training the human capital of a less developed host country. Labor productivity and increase in real incomes of citizens of a country are important benefits of FDI inflows into a country. Countries must encourage economic freedom and liberalize trade in order to benefit from FDI inflows. A sound financial system including banks, stock markets and bond markets attract foreign investors. A strong financial system allows MNCs to expand and reach their expected potential and does not limit their growth due to capital constraints (Alam, Mian Smith). When MNCs get opportunities to expand their operations, they make investments in the host country. This additional investment from foreign investors and companies drive economic growth and development in the host country. Governments must develop secure property rights, put in place an efficient public sector and limit regulatory bans and restrictions on foreign companies. Governments must take measures to improve the investment climate (by offering incentives, tax holidays, reduce import duties) to attract and retain foreign investment. Also, governance should be made transparent and free of corruption to gain maximum benefit from FDI inflows (Globerman, Shapiro, Tang, 2004). Â  Government regulation should only aim to correct market failure and protect the welfare of the consumers, environment, employees and society. Bureaucracy, red tapism, complex documentation and regulations should be eliminated to attract more foreign investment and derive maximum benefits from it. Corruption not only deters foreign investors but also limits the spill over effects of economic growth and development to the masses. To reap the maximum benefit out of inward investments is to improve governance in the areas of human capital development. An educated and healthy workforce not only attracts foreign investors but also facilitates quick and effective knowledge and skills transfer. A less skilled and physically weak human resource of a host country starts to rely on the foreign investors and learn nothing from them. Thus, governance and budget allocations in the areas of human capital and infrastructure development must be improved. Such effective governance that protects local interests from unwarranted exploitation but also at the same time creates a conducive environment for foreign investment benefits the most. Q.2. Is sustainability a new meaning? Discuss the extent to which businesses and government have joined up to sustainability? Sustainability was well defined in a 1987 UN Conference as ‘meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs’. This encompasses ecological sustainability and human sustainability. Ecological sustainability refers to ‘redesigning organizations to contribute to sustainable economic development and the protection and renewal of the biosphere’ (Dunphy, 2000). Human sustainability means ‘building human capability and skills for sustainable high level organizational performance and for community and societal well-being’ (Dunphy, 2000). Many businesses and governments did not include sustainability as one of their primary objectives to achieve. Business organizations focused all their efforts and strategies on maximizing profits, even if that entailed exploiting the environment and depleting natural resources to obtain short term financial benefits. Governments too ignored this important issue. However, this widespread ignorance and disinterest towards sustainable development that prevailed ten years ago has been reversed. The awareness about the issue has increased now but a lack of cooperation and understanding between the businesses and governments has limited the success of initiatives towards sustainable development. There is a battle between voluntarism and compulsion going on between governments and businesses (Cowe Porritt, 2002). According to Cowe and Porritt, prominent businesses understand their responsibilities, but governments have not taken up their share of responsibilities, suggesting that voluntary business action towards sustainable development is better as compared to government intervention that ultimately has a negative impact. Government policy makers wrongly believe that attaining sustainability just involves devising environmental controls or employee protection laws to reduce exploitation while the businesses hold that by increasing the efficiency and productivity of their existing production systems they can prevent wastage of resources and environmental degradation. Sustainability actually involves developing whole new business models and incorporating organizational cultural change. It is the job of the governments to create awareness and give incentives for businesses to change their policies, procedures and incorporate sustainability in their vision and mission. U.S department of Commerce presents an example where a government department has increased the awareness sustainability. U.S Department of Commerce has encouraged U.S. firms to implement sustainable manufacturing practices. Instead of creating environmental and employee laws and levying tax charges on firms, the U.S Department of Commerce has spread the perception that firms that adopt environmental and economically sustainable manufacturing processes are able to reduce their cost of doing business and gain competitive advantage. U.S Department of Commerce’s Manufacturing Services unit has introduced a Sustainable Manufacturing Initiative (SMI) and Public-Private Dialogue with the aim of outlining U.S. industry’s most pressing sustainable manufacturing challenges and coordinating public and private sector efforts to address these challenges (International Trade Administration, 2010). Q.3. Using familiar case study, apply and critically evaluate the strategies for expansion into emerging markets? In recent times China and India, the two most fast emerging markets in Asia, have presented great opportunities and large market segments to be explored by foreign multinational companies. These countries not only have large consumer bases for products of international companies but also provide highly talented, educated yet less costly human resource (Van de Kuil, 2008). Taking the case of India, we understand that various MNCs have used different expansion strategies to enter the Indian market. Licensing and franchising is an effective expansion strategy. Licensing refers to an arrangement by which the licensor or the international company gives the right to the licensee to use patent rights, trademarks, copyrights or product or processes know how (Levi, 2007). Franchising refers to an arrangement or relationship whereby a franchisor provides a license to the franchisee to use the franchisor’s brand name, production techniques and management techniques in another geographic market. Franchising was used by McDonalds to enter the Indian market. The advantage that McDonald’s had by using franchising to expand into the Indian market was that it did not have to invest large sums of money in India and so did not face any financial risks and development and set up costs of business. It was not only a cost effective way of expansion but it was a quick way to expand. Franchisor (McDonald’s) has considerable control over the management and processes of the franchisee and at the same time benefits from the local knowledge of customer behavior and market trends that the Indian franchisee possesses. The Indian franchisee benefitted as it did not have to develop brand identity or brand positioning. It simply had to leverage the already established brand name and equity of McDonald’s. However, a major challenge that McDonald’s had to face in India was that of maintaining quality standards that it has internationally. In developing countries, it is difficult to find employees that are already trained to carry out the standard services. Strategic alliances and Joint Ventures are other important expansion strategies used by foreign companies to enter the Indian market. Strategic alliance refers to an agreement between two companies in order to combine their value chain activities for the purpose of competition advantage (Levi, 2007). Joint Venture occurs when one company has enough stake in another company that gives it a right to voice opinions in management issues but does not allow it to dominate. When the international retail giant – Wal-Mart wanted to expand its business to India, it formed a joint venture with Bharti Enterprises, Inc in 2006. Wal-Mart benefitted immensely from this joint venture to establish itself in the Indian market. Both Wal-Mart and Bharti Enterprise were able to form a working business unit (Fea, 2009). Wal-Mart was able to mitigate reputational and legal risks as it had a local partner involved. It was able to comply with all the Indian government restriction for foreign investors. The only likely threat to both the parties of this joint venture is that conflict of objectives and strategies may create rift between the two partners and raise risks for both.

Freedom, Patriarchy, and Racial Oppression Essay example -- United Sta

Freedom, Patriarchy, and Racial Oppression The French philosopher Jean-Paul Sarte is known to have established existentialism in France after the liberation of Paris in 1944. Existentialism is the philosophy that states that the values people choose influences the choices they make and how they interpret the meanings of their decisions. When existentialism was introduced in the United States, it challenged Americans to access their ethical standards from a different perspective. America is associated with being "The land of the free". However, the American society has set standards on women's roles and racial castes and until these oppressions are eliminated the entire society will never have freedom. What is freedom? Freedom, as defined by Krisnamurti, is a state of mind in which there is no fear or compulsion, no urge to be secure. In the American society there is a need for security and there is fear. People conform to society's ideas to feel secure and fear being different, fear thinking on their own to set their own standards and choose their own values. Sartre's existentialist view of freedom is that it preexists value choices. Because people do not freely choose and follow their values, society creates ideals that control their views in life. These ideals are supposed to maintain order in society by showing everyone their place, but these ideals displace what society should stand for and prevent people from freedom. Should people follow societybs norm or become existentialists and think on their own? Society has set limits on gender roles with ideals such as male privilege and patriarchy. Patriarchy is the political structure to control womenbs thoughts on their sexuality, laboring, and place in society so... ... the exact abilities that they have and that those views and values weakening society. They could choose new values that would allow equal opportunity for all people and a better society would be able to come into existence. Minorities could use an existentialist perspective to improve their standards of themselves. The American ideals on patriarchy, male privilege, and race will continue to oppress the entire society from freedom until these views can be changed as people realize what freedom really is. People must first free themselves from society's views by realizing that they have a negative affect on everyone. They must freely choose their own values. When people in society assess their ethical standards from a new perspective and become existentialist, freedom will preexist value choices and people will choose values with the equality of everyone in mind.

Project Technical Paper †Reliable Pharmaceutical Supply Essay

To process a prescription order, RPS needs to know about the patients, the nursing home, and the nursing home unit where each patient resides. Each nursing home has at least one, but possibly many, units. A patient is assigned to a specific unit. An order consists of one or more prescriptions, each for one specific drug and one specific patient. An order, therefore, consists of prescriptions for more than one patient. Careful tracking and record keeping is crucial. In addition, each patient has multiple prescriptions, and one pharmacist fills each order. There are several points in the order-fulfillment process at which information must be recorded in the system. Case manifests must be printed at the start of each shift. Because a prescription may take a long time to be used completely, information must be entered into the system each time a medication is sent, noting the quantity sent and which pharmacist filled the prescription for that shift. Prescriptions contain basic information such as ID number, original date of order, drug, unit of dosage (pill, teaspoon, suppository), size of dosage, frequency of dosage, and special instructions (take with food, take before meals). There are several types of prescriptions, each with unique characteristics. Some orders are for a single, one-time-use prescription. Some orders are for a number of dosages. Some orders are for a certain time period. Information about the prescription order must be maintained. An order occurs when the nursing home phones in the needed prescriptions. Because presc riptions may last for an extended period of time, a prescription is a separate entity from the order itself. The system records which employee accepted and entered the original order. The system has basic data about all drugs. Each drug has generic information such as name 1. Entity-relationship diagram that shows the data strorage requirements for Relable Pharamceutical Supply 2. Domain meta class for RPS. 3. Activity diagram for each use case related to entering new orders Activity Diagram For Entering New Orders. Nurshing Home Prescription Drugs Accounts Section Activity Diagram For Creating Case Manifests. Nurshing Home Prescription Drugs Information Record Section Activity Diagram For Fulfilling Orders. Nurshing Home Prescription Drugs Accounts Section 4. System sequence diagram System sequence diagram for entering new order Enter Prescription Order Record Prescription Info Record Drugs Info Display drugs Ordered Find drugs Availability Pending Order Pending Order Update Order Confirm new Order Confirm Order Update Bill Receive Bills System sequence diagram for Creating Case Manifest Enter Precription Order Record Prescription Info Record Drugs Info Display drugs Ordered Find drugs Availability Pending Order Pending Order Update Order Confirm new Order Confirm Order Update Record Case Manifest System sequence diagram for fulfilling order Fulfill Order Check Prescription Info Record Drugs Ordered Display drugs availabilityRecord types of drugs Find drugs Availability Pending Order Pending Order Record Updated Drugs Confirm fulfilling Order Confirm Fulfilling Order Update Bill payble Receive Fees Calculated 5. State machine diagram for an order 6. Three-layer architecture for this new system Presentation Layer Businness Layer Data Layer †¢ Presentation. The presentation layer provides the application’s user interface (UI). Nursing home users can place orders using the UI tool and Reliable employees can Process the Orders. †¢ Business. The business layer implements the business functionality of the application. Business logic is implemented here, Business entities corresponds to the data . †¢ Data The data layer provides access to external systems such as databases. Each layer should be structured as described in the following paragraphs. 7. Design two (2) separate menu hierarchies, one (1) for Reliable employees and one (1) for nursing home employees. Reliable Employees – Check Drug Availability Order Id Order date Drug names Save Order Info Nurshing Home User- Order Prescription Id Pharmacist name Pharmacist id Order date Drug names Patient names 8. Write out the steps of the dialog between the user and the system for the use case Place new order for nursing home employees. User – input prescription details (prescription ID, Drug details, Pharmacist Name) System – Create order User – Place Order System – Check Order details, confirm new order System – Check Drug availability System – Fulfill order User – Validate fulfilled Order System – Update Order Information System – Prepare shipment User – Give medications to Patient Unit User – Place Pending Order 9.Review the input form you created for collecting orders from the nursing homes. Identify all of the input controls necessary to ensure the prescriptions are correct. Recommend other procedures or controls to ensure that there are no mistakes with prescriptions. Input Prescriptions must have the controls to provide basic information- 1.Provide Prescription ID 2.Original Date of the Order 3.Drug Name 4.Unit Of Dosage(Pill, teaspoon or suppository) 5.Size of Dosage 6.Special Instruction – take with food, take before meals 10.Create a work breakdown structure of your proposed plan. Write a memo to the senior executive team at RPS that includes a summary of the created system and three (3) recommendations for future changes/improvements to the system. Work Breakdown- 1.Create the presentation layer -Develop UI components for Reliable Employees to process the orders from nurshing home -Develop UI components for the Users to create Orders for passing prescription details and preparing the order. 2.Business Logic Layer- a.Create the Business logic for Accessing the Database and providing rules to access and update data. 3.Data Access Layer- a.Select a data base to store the Drugs and prescription information. b.Develop the data access layer for the above data base. Memo- Sir, Please find the architecture of the system. This uses 3-tier architecture. This has presentation layers for both Users and Reliable Employees to provide and update the prescription and Order details respectively. Users will be able to create the orders and pass it to RPS office and there the order will be processed and shipment of the order can be initiated or denied if order cannot be fulfilled. Recommendation for Improvement- 1) More attributes can be added to the prescription data for address, phone number etc. 2) User history can be stored in a persistence cache for fast access. 3) Web interface can be added for online access of the presentation layers.

Personal Development Plan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1851 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Public Relations Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? General Omar Bradley, generally acknowledged and largely recognized as one of the U. S. Armed forces finest leaders, summed up his reasoning of leadership as one of the greatest experience that one could achieve in armed forces. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personal Development Plan" essay for you Create order General Bradleys expressive explanation has confined the improvement of a fundamental meaning of initiative that is: a leader utilizes information, abilities and connections to persuade, energize, and coach others in the accomplishment of normal objectives. This development plan has been created and supported by aggregate backgrounds, perceptions, triumphs, and disappointments. Leadership should be viewed as an adventure taken together by leaders and devotees to a typical end of the line. Incredible leaders make a successful plan, a guide to help them sort out and guarantee they have a suitable and compelling group set up, obviously impart the plan to and lead their devotees to the end (Biro 2012). Viable leaders characterize and refine their missions reliably and they consistently speak with adherents the destinations and turning points needed to accomplish accomplishment, for it is fundamental for a group to not just to comprehend where the association is and where it needs to go, additionally how it will get there. It is not sufficient for a leader to simply focus an objective and the course whereupon the decisions should be taken by agreeing with difference and giving preparing and training, assets, consolation, and direction as needed. To lead the mission to a productive determination, a leader must make necessities and use the gifts, imagination, assets, and vitality of his supporters, for the most part flawed people, and enable them to climb high potential in the life. An effective leader helps his devotees discover the best in themselves, on the grounds that leads to administrative achievement. Just by engaging supporters can a leader propel his advancement? A viable leader does not permit broken frameworks, poor decisions, bad fortunes, reasons, disturbances, or transitory disappointments to block the associations fly out to the end. People may oblige makeshift routes, however a leader discovers approaches to proceed despite the difficulties experie nced, and he figures out how to bring his supporters with him. In the current business environment of quick advancement and enhancements, especially in engineering and frameworks, effective leaders must be adaptable as they adjust to the enormous progressions experienced in a profoundly mind boggling world. When victories are understood, an incredible leader wont assume praise for the accomplishment, however rather will perceive the individual commitments and achievements of his devotees and express appreciation to them. Furthermore it is also observed that extraordinary leaders display conduct that are reliable with the responsibilities adhered to them by the society. All leaders and all individuals have different moral values. Qualities are convictions that speak to a singulars plans regarding what is correct, great, or attractive. Oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s individual and authority qualities are basically adjusted and he/she attempt to utilize them as a part of all that one doe s and all that an individual say during the work, in ones affiliations. By having one characterized set of qualities, one can seek after many reasons to win and achieve the desired goals. Some common center individual and initiative qualities include: Integrity and reliability Competency, obligation, and responsibility Respect, gratefulness, and backing for others Community commitment and contribution Expansive appreciation; communicated gratefulness for expansive things and for little things Laurie Beth Jones (C.E.O) characterizes three key parts in her book Jesus that deal with initiative inferred from considering the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Initiative attributes exhibited amid Jesus lifetime are recognized and inexactly gathered into three classes. As indicated by Jones, Jesus life and mission are definite of fruitful administration in light of the fact that he reliably exhibited: The quality of power toward oneself The quality of activity The quality of connections Quality of power toward oneself is created through distinguishing and carrying on with a life focused around center moral standards, and by creating and concentrating on necessities. Listening to and approaching others with deference and utilizing uprightness to educate contemplations and activities show quality of power toward oneself. Quality of activity is created through distinguishing the vital devices, assets, accomplices, and supporters important to finish the mission. Individual and expert competency, obligation, responsibility, and persistent expert improvement show quality of activity. Promotion for others and group association exhibit quality of activity. Quality of connections is produced by regarding others, discovering esteem in their individual commitments, working in groups and gatherings to perform basic objectives, and supporting and aiding companions and partners to attain their individual destinations. Communicating appreciation to others and partaking and servi ng in the group exhibit of quality. One should attempt to live as per his/her individual values in all that he/she do, all that one say, and everything that an individual is every day. Individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s qualities are conveyed with him/her and shade oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s communications with oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family, with companions, with partners, with customers, with subordinates, and inside my group (Dahlvig and Longman 2010).. Since these qualities speak to my individual convictions, they are multi-situational and might be connected to all my activities and exercises. When an individual end up off track, he/she should return to and reflect upon these qualities, and should work to discover a come back to the way and refocus on the targets and the mission. Upon careful observation it is seen that leaders dont let issues turn into an issue. However a normal person infrequently permit disappointments to decrease his/her feeling of self-esteem or sense of pride. In researching authority hypotheses and exploration, it have been discovered that there are numerous similitudes and replications of plans offered by a multitude of masters and advisors excessively extensive to list. It should be noted that administration aptitude is not created quickly, yet that rather it is an everyday process. The total of an individual instruction and encounters, improved by keeping in mind various point of views and perceptions. In this essay, parts of authority have been concentrated that should be considered responsible for most oblige advancement to empower oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accomplishment. One should secure a beginning stage to guide him/her through the advancement process. This particular arrangement should be changed and adjusted as needed by life and circumstances. It is key, be that as it may, to start. By starting oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own adventure further allowing an individual to reinforce his/her qualities of activities. Abilities prompti ng quality of strength toward oneself will be created through a procedure of arranging my business, individual, group, and family cooperationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and exercises as per the estimations of dependability and respectability. One should appreciate others and need to win and keep up their admiration and trust, to win their hearts and gain experience from it .To the best of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s capacity, an individual should create a life fortified by uprightness. In this methodology, it is important to characterize and comprehend respectability. The saying honesty is characterized as adherence to good and moral standards, the soundness of good character, and the state of being entire, whole, or undiminished. An individual idea of respectability, in any case, is determined from the beginning of the expression, from the Latin descriptive word number, which implies entire or complete. At the point when utilized within this authority advancement arrange, the significance of respectability will be guided by the definition that uprightness is a state of being entirety (Editors 2011). Just by carrying on with oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s life in keeping with oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s qualities and based after applying standards of honesty in thought and activity to be able to hope to end up and remain an entire individual (Javitch 2009). This implies that one cant have any significant bearing and one should set some standards to oneself and anticipate that others will show higher standards. An individual cant make a difference on set of models towards the customers and partners and an alternate set to oneself. While the contrasting needs of customers require customized results and conclusions, one cant form his/her counseling counsel and administrations by applying set of principles of trustworthiness to one customer and an alternate set of norms to an alternate. Competency, obligation, and responsibility require not just to settle on dependable decisions and choices, additionally that an individual show quality of activity by doing what one resolves to do. In collaborating with customers and others, one must make just those duties that one can satisfy. This will be a test for me; it is extremely troublesome for a free expert to decay any income creating open door, and one is substantially well-suited to consequently make a guarantee and after that evaluate how to satisfy it. An individual should perceive that over the long haul this is flighty expert conduct that may get to be hindering to my business. Before making a pledge, one should work on creating an arrangement for every customer and each one undertaking based upon an audit of my aptitudes, my accessible assets, and my time responsibilities so as to guarantee an individual can ably help. One should additionally apply this activity in private connections since my private life is very incorporated with my expert life. Putting arrangements, targets, turning points, and expected r esults in composing preceding presentation to customers is an important practice, yet one should work upon additionally creating an action plan week by week survey forms for every customer and each present task. One should finish these surveys, make changes to undertakings and calendars as obliged, and convey the status genuinely and completely to customers, to subordinates, and to others included in and helping ventures (Johns and Moser, 2012). This extra process and correspondence configuration will permit a person to alter and modify task arranges as needed, without unnecessarily endangering the accomplishment of the venture. Sweeping appreciation and the interpretation of appreciation, is an underrated quality. Utilizing the words thank you and please builds the inspiration of adherents. Much of the time communicating appreciation requires little exertion, yet this fact is exceedingly genuine to those on the less than desirable end. It should be realized that individuals like appreciation in light of the fact that not rarely they will thank anyone for sending a note thanking them. This shows the force of little things and little courtesiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ can create the quality of connections by guaranteeing that a leader watch and distinguish little things, and suitably express appreciation for them. Leaders who cant perceive and recognize the commitments of adherents and prize them adequately wont be effective. It is compelling that leaders are the individuals who perceive and reward the commitments of others. A leaderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s straightforward articulation of appreciation is never wrong. References Biro, M. (2012). 5 Leadership Behaviors Loyal Employees Trust, Canberra: Penguin. 27. Dahlvig, E. Longman, A. (2010). Womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Leadership Development: A Study of Defining Moments, Christian Higher Education, 9(3), 238-258. Editors (2011). American Heritage of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin, Harcourt. Javitch, G. (2009). Ten Characteristics of Superior Leaders, Entrepreneur, Oxford: Oxford Publishing House, 38-9. Johns, E. Moser, R. (2011). From Traits to Transformation: The Evolution of Leadership Theories, Education, 110(1), 115-122. 1